[1]Once again, top level FCPA enforcement officials from the U.S. Department of Justice (“DOJ”) and Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) provided an overview of current enforcement trends and priorities at this year’s ACI International Conference on the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act on November 17, 2015. The DOJ’s Assistant Attorney General for the Criminal Division, Leslie Caldwell, and Deputy Chief of the Fraud Section’s FCPA Unit, Patrick Stokes, and the SEC’s FCPA Unit Chief, Kara Brockmeyer, offered their thoughts. This is the fifth year in a row that FCPAméricas has summarized what FCPA enforcement officials are saying at ACI (see overviews from 2011 [2], 2012 [3], 2013 [4], and 2014 [5]).
Continued Focus on FCPA Enforcement. Each official stressed that U.S. authorities continue to consider FCPA enforcement a priority. Ms. Caldwell said that the DOJ’s FCPA Unit is hiring ten additional prosecutors, increasing the unit by 50%, and that the FBI has established two FCPA squads. Mr. Stokes said that, since 2009, the DOJ has prosecuted 60 companies with $3.8 billion in penalties and prosecuted approximately 60 individuals. Ms. Brockmeyer said that the SEC has “a lot of cases at the finish line and more in the pipeline.”
Self-Reporting Necessary to Maximize Mitigation Credit. This year FCPA enforcement officials gave a sharper emphasis on the benefits of self-reporting, continuing their campaign in favor of voluntary disclosure. They said that, to get full credit in settlements, companies must not only cooperate with an investigation and remediate compliance failures. They must also voluntarily disclose the misconduct (FCPAméricas has discussed [6] voluntary disclosure considerations). Ms. Caldwell pointed to the PetroTiger case as an example of the U.S. Government choosing to proceed against executives instead of the self-disclosing company despite the fact that the company had engaged in “serious misconduct” that went to its highest levels. Ms. Caldwell and Mr. Stokes pointed to the Alstom case as an example of what can happen when a company does not self-disclose and cooperate, noting that Alstom was forced to plead guilty to the largest bribery resolution in DOJ history – $772 million. Mr. Stokes added that, had Alstom self-reported and cooperated, the company likely would have received a fine that was at least $496 million lower than the fine it received, and the parent company would not have had to enter a guilty plea.
Effects of Disclosure, Cooperation, and Remediation. Mr. Stokes said that self-disclosure, cooperation, and remediation can affect four components of a resolution. First, the form of the resolution can be impacted – for example whether a guilty plea is required, and whether the company enters a Non-Prosecution Agreement or Deferred Prosecution Agreement. Second, they can affect whether the DOJ charges the parent company or its subsidiaries. Third, they can influence the amount of the fine and any associated discounts. Finally, they can affect whether a compliance monitorship is included or not as part of the resolution.
“Gamechangers” in Case Originations. Mr. Brockmeyer highlighted whistleblowers and international referrals as “gamechangers” in how FCPA enforcement officials are learning about cases. Ms. Brockmeyer said that there were 150 FCPA-related whistleblower reports this year and that whistleblowers are now more sophisticated. Mr. Stokes said that whistleblowers are coming to the DOJ earlier and making reports during companies’ internal investigations. Ms. Caldwell added that referrals from foreign law enforcement are on the rise, and cited foreign media as another source of cases: “We don’t believe everything we read in the paper, but it is good to know what people are saying.”
Properly Scoped Internal Investigations. Ms. Caldwell said that enforcers do not expect companies to conduct “massive, far-reaching” investigations but instead expect “tailored” and “well-focused” ones whose scopes are designed in a “thoughtful” way: “We don’t want you to boil the ocean.” When asked about use of law firms, she said that the key is for the company to hire someone who “knows what they are doing in the space,” is capable of scoping what needs to be done, and “has the expertise.” Mr. Stokes said that proper scoping and other internal investigation best practices are critical since the DOJ will likely “pressure test” the internal investigation.
Internal Investigation Mistakes. Ms. Brockmeyer and Mr. Stokes said that common mistakes when cooperating with enforcement agencies include trying to spin the facts and offering defensive explanations of the facts. Mr. Stokes explained, “credibility is the key for us from the get go.” If enforcers only learn of bad facts later in an investigation, they are more inclined to question the investigation itself. Ms. Brockmeyer said that such spin does not give the agencies confidence that companies are really trying to root out a problem. They also highlighted preservation of evidence early in an investigation as a key component of a review, and an area where companies often make mistakes. They advised that remediation should begin in the early phases of an investigation.
Discipline as Key to Remediation. Ms. Caldwell said that remediation of misconduct should involve “discipline of all employees that are involved in misconduct.” She stated that a company cannot simply discipline low level employees without dealing with higher level employees who are also responsible. If companies do not take appropriate action with higher level employees, this sends a message that the company does not truly value compliance.
Bolstering a Company’s Compliance Function. Ms. Caldwell said that compliance departments sometimes do not receive sufficient funding or attention from senior management. She said that, if a company’s compliance officials are not earning salaries on par with others in the organization, or if the compliance office is placed in a remote location, “this sends a message.” She said, “Everyone is on notice as to what we expect…your goal is to try to stop corruption before it starts.” Mr. Stokes said that FCPA enforcement officials have the benefit of looking at a lot of compliance programs and hearing from many compliance professionals, and therefore will look critically at a company’s compliance program to ensure it is correctly implemented. He said that this should include efforts like testing the program and auditing third parties for compliance issues.
International Cooperation. Ms. Caldwell said that the DOJ is working “incredibly” with international enforcement authorities all over world. She said that, when determining penalties, enforcers consider whose equities are greater and divide up cases accordingly. She said that the aim is to have a fair global outcome so that the company is not required to pay multiple times for the same misconduct. Ms. Brockmeyer explained that working with local enforcement officials has opened up access to evidence that the SEC would not otherwise have, allowing U.S. officials to conclude cases more quickly.
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